Patients with acute pericarditis typically present with sharp, stabbing chest pain that may worsen with deep breathing or lying down. The pain often improves when sitting up or leaning forward. Other symptoms can include fever, fatigue, and a pericardial friction rub—a scratchy sound heard with a stethoscope over the heart.

Diagnosing acute pericarditis involves a combination of clinical evaluation and diagnostic tests. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is often performed to detect characteristic changes. Blood tests may reveal markers of inflammation, and imaging studies like an echocardiogram or chest X-ray can help assess the heart and pericardium.

Treatment for acute pericarditis focuses on relieving symptoms and addressing the underlying cause. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to reduce pain and inflammation. In some cases, colchicine or corticosteroids may be prescribed. Hospitalization is necessary if complications arise, such as cardiac tamponade.

The prognosis for acute pericarditis is generally good, with most patients recovering fully within a few weeks. However, some may experience recurrent episodes or develop chronic pericarditis. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial to prevent complications.

Acute pericarditis can result from various causes, including viral infections (most common), bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases, and trauma. It can also occur after a heart attack or heart surgery. In some cases, the exact cause remains unknown, termed idiopathic pericarditis.

Acute pericarditis is relatively common, accounting for about 5% of emergency room visits for chest pain. It affects individuals of all ages but is more prevalent in men aged 20 to 50. The incidence may vary based on geographic and seasonal factors, particularly with viral causes.

The pericardium consists of two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium. In acute pericarditis, inflammation leads to increased fluid production between these layers, causing pericardial effusion. This inflammation can result from direct injury, infection, or immune-mediated processes.

Preventing acute pericarditis involves managing risk factors and underlying conditions. Vaccination against common viral infections, such as influenza, can reduce the risk. For those with recurrent pericarditis, long-term use of colchicine may help prevent future episodes.

Acute pericarditis is an inflammation of the heart's protective sac, often presenting with chest pain and other symptoms. While generally self-limiting, it requires careful evaluation and treatment to prevent complications. Understanding its causes, presentation, and management is essential for effective care.

If you experience sudden chest pain, especially if it changes with your position or breathing, it could be a sign of acute pericarditis. While it can be alarming, this condition is often treatable with medication. It's important to seek medical evaluation to determine the cause and appropriate treatment.