The symptoms of ethylene glycol poisoning typically occur in three stages. Initially, within the first few hours, the patient may experience symptoms similar to alcohol intoxication, such as dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and confusion. As the poisoning progresses, the second stage involves metabolic acidosis, where the blood becomes too acidic, leading to rapid breathing, increased heart rate, and possible heart failure. In the final stage, which can occur 24 to 72 hours after ingestion, kidney failure may develop, characterized by decreased urine output, swelling, and fatigue.

Diagnosing ethylene glycol poisoning involves a combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory tests. A detailed history of potential exposure is crucial. Blood tests are performed to check for metabolic acidosis, elevated anion gap, and the presence of ethylene glycol or its metabolites. Urinalysis may reveal calcium oxalate crystals, which are indicative of ethylene glycol metabolism. Imaging studies, such as a CT scan, may be used to assess organ damage.

Immediate treatment is essential to prevent severe complications. The primary goal is to inhibit the metabolism of ethylene glycol into toxic compounds. This is achieved by administering fomepizole or ethanol, which act as antidotes. In severe cases, hemodialysis may be required to remove ethylene glycol and its metabolites from the bloodstream. Supportive care, including intravenous fluids and correction of metabolic acidosis, is also important.

The prognosis for ethylene glycol poisoning depends on the amount ingested, the time to treatment, and the effectiveness of the intervention. Early and appropriate treatment can lead to a full recovery. However, delayed treatment or severe poisoning can result in permanent organ damage or death. Long-term complications may include chronic kidney disease or neurological deficits.

Ethylene glycol is a colorless, odorless, sweet-tasting liquid commonly used in antifreeze and other industrial products. Poisoning typically occurs through accidental ingestion, intentional self-harm, or, rarely, through contaminated beverages. Children and pets are particularly at risk due to the sweet taste of the substance.

Ethylene glycol poisoning is relatively rare but can occur worldwide, particularly in regions with cold climates where antifreeze is commonly used. It affects individuals of all ages, but certain populations, such as children and individuals with access to industrial chemicals, are at higher risk. The incidence of poisoning is higher in winter months due to increased use of antifreeze.

Once ingested, ethylene glycol is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and metabolized in the liver by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase into toxic metabolites, including glycolic acid and oxalic acid. These metabolites cause metabolic acidosis and can precipitate as calcium oxalate crystals in the kidneys, leading to renal damage. The toxic effects on the central nervous system and other organs are due to these metabolites and the resulting acidosis.

Preventing ethylene glycol poisoning involves proper storage and handling of products containing the chemical. These products should be kept out of reach of children and pets, and clearly labeled. Education on the dangers of ethylene glycol and the importance of using safer alternatives, such as propylene glycol-based antifreeze, can also help reduce the risk of poisoning.

Ethylene glycol poisoning is a serious medical condition resulting from the ingestion of a toxic chemical found in antifreeze and other products. It presents with symptoms similar to alcohol intoxication, followed by metabolic acidosis and potential kidney failure. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for a favorable outcome. Prevention involves safe storage and handling of ethylene glycol-containing products.

If you suspect that you or someone else has ingested ethylene glycol, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Symptoms can progress rapidly, and early treatment is essential to prevent serious health consequences. Always store products containing ethylene glycol safely and out of reach of children and pets. Be aware of the potential risks and consider using safer alternatives when available.