Occipital lobe tumors encompass numerous neoplastic processes of different etiologies and clinical stages. The most important primary brain tumors that have been identified in the occipital lobe are tumors of neuroepithelial tissue (mainly gliomas, particularly low-grade), but vascular (such as hemangioendothelioma), mesenchymal (myxomas), and several other tumor types were also documented in the literature [1] [2] [3] [4]. Similarly to other brain tumors, headaches and seizures are common symptoms in this patient population [5] [6]. However, a suspicion toward an occipital lobe tumor can be made in the presence of visual disturbances [1] [5]. Visual hallucinations (that may or may not be accompanied by seizures) are some of the most frequent findings, presenting as light flashes consisting of different shapes, whereas prosopagnosia (inability to recognize previously known faces) is an important component of the clinical presentation [2]. Furthermore, patients with severe and expanding tumors that cause the destruction of one of the occipital lobes will suffer from homonymous hemianopia on the contralateral side [2]. When both lobes are affected, cortical blindness that is negated by patients (known as Anton syndrome) may be encountered [2]. In these cases, patients clearly state that they can see, despite a clinically confirmed absence of vision [2].

• Failure to Thrive

  Hypothalamic: "diencephalic syndrome" (failure to thrive and emaciation in a happy and hungry child). [hawaii.edu]

• Sweating

  Paroxysmal attacks of intense fear associated with a range of somatic symptoms, such as palpitations, sweating, dyspnoea, and hyperventilation, are characteristic of panic disorder, a psychiatric diagnosis classified by DSM-IV as an anxiety disorder. [jnnp.bmj.com]

  […] amount of fatty deposits angular gyrus gyrus located immediately posterior to the supramarginal gyrus at the superior edge of the temporal lobe and involved in recognition of visual symbol; lesions can result in alexia and agraphia anhidrosis absence of sweating [strokecenter.org]

• Hemianopsia

  “This particular symptom of impaired peripheral vision is known as bitemporal hemianopsia,” says Christopher Carrubba, MD, co-director for medical education at Med School Tutors. [rd.com]

  Clinical significance [ edit ] If one occipital lobe is damaged, the result can be homonymous hemianopsia vision loss from similarly positioned "field cuts" in each eye. Occipital lesions can cause visual hallucinations. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Optic nerve or chiasmal defect: visual deficits, Marcus Gunn pupil (afferent pupillary defect), bitemporal hemianopsia (classic chiasmal tumor), unilateral or bilateral nystagmus with head tilt (chiasmal). [hawaii.edu]

  These patients present with buphthalmos (enlarged eye) due to increased intraocular pressure and hemianopsia. Eye abnormalities in a 4-year-old boy with Sturge-Weber syndrome. [radiologyassistant.nl]

• Scotoma

  Scotoma The Peristriate region of the occipital lobe is involved in visuospatial processing, discrimination of movement and color discrimination. [braininjury-explanation.com]

  […] visual migraine aura consisting of shimmering lights followed by a dark spot or partial loss of vision that may move across the visual field scotoma island-like gap or blind spot in the visual field; pleural=scotomata secondary progressive clinical course [strokecenter.org]

• Visual Hallucination

  Visual hallucinations (that may or may not be accompanied by seizures) are some of the most frequent findings, presenting as light flashes consisting of different shapes, whereas prosopagnosia (inability to recognize previously known faces) is an important [symptoma.com]

  Occipital lesions can cause visual hallucinations. Lesions in the parietal-temporal-occipital association area are associated with color agnosia, movement agnosia, and agraphia. [en.wikipedia.org]

  The anatomy of conscious vision: an fMRI study of visual hallucinations. Nat Neurosci 1998 ; 1 : 738 –42. Cummings JL, Mega MS. Neuropsychiatry and behavioural neuroscience. [jnnp.bmj.com]

  […] headache arising exclusively during sleep, typically between 1:00 and 3:00 AM hypnic jerk sensation of falling, and then "jerking" awake just as one drifts to sleep hypnopompic hallucination vivid dreamlike hallucination that occurs as one is waking [strokecenter.org]

• Psychomotor Retardation

  Clinically, this picture can resemble a major affective disorder with psychomotor retardation, while the indifference bears occasional similarity to the "belle indifference" noted sometimes with hysteria. [ect.org]

• Hunger

  […] tongue towards the paralyzed side and deviation of the tongue at rest away from the paralyzed side; nucleus is located in the medulla hypomimia see facial masking hypophysis see pituitary gland hypothalamus basal part of the diencephalon that controls hunger [strokecenter.org]

• Urinary Incontinence

  incontinence, headache and neck pain. [pacificneuroscienceinstitute.org]

  Common seizure types include the following: A grand mal seizure causes loss of consciousness, jerking or twithcing of all four limbs, sometimes injury to the tongue or mouth, sometimes urinary incontinence. [mcancer.org]

  Location - Olfactory Groove and sella (bony space where the pituitary gland is situated) Common Symptoms - Loss of smell (anosmia), subtle personality changes, mild difficulty with memory, euphoria, diminished concentration, urinary incontinence, visual [neurosurgery.ucla.edu]

  Children with metastatic tumors (some primitive neuroectodermal or germ cell tumors) often present with metastases to the spinal cord and cauda equina, and may have back pain, urinary incontinence, or focal extremity weakness or sensory loss. [hawaii.edu]

  […] unique to, Alzheimer's disease neurogenic bladder bladder dysfunction associated with a lesion in the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves and characterized by underactivity (failure to empty) or overactivity (failure to store); symptoms include urinary [strokecenter.org]

• Headache

  […] scp=0030028254&partnerID=8YFLogxK U2 - 10.1046/j.1526-4610.1996.3601049.x DO - 10.1046/j.1526-4610.1996.3601049.x M3 - Article VL - 36 SP - 49 EP - 52 JO - Headache T2 - Headache JF - Headache SN - 0017-8748 IS - 1 ER - [miami.pure.elsevier.com]

  When the headache returns, the concern is if the tumor is back or if it is precipitating migraine headaches. Migraine headaches can be precipitated by structural lesions(such as tumors), but care must be taken to rule out other causes. [medhelp.org]

  This case illustrates that headache fulfilling the International Headache Society (IHS) criteria for migraine with typical aura can occur in association with an occipital lobe tumor. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Similarly to other brain tumors, headaches and seizures are common symptoms in this patient population. However, a suspicion toward an occipital lobe tumor can be made in the presence of visual disturbances. [symptoma.com]

  In conjunction with the headache I would have congestion and an intermediate earache. I thought it was my sinuses so I would take sinus headache medication but that did not stop the pain. [healthboards.com]

• Dizziness

  Balance Problems – Brain tumors that disrupt the normal control of equilibrium can cause dizziness or difficulty with balance. [thenickgonzalesfoundation.org]

  In the brain stem – dizziness, unsteady and uncoordinated walking, facial weakness, double vision or difficulty with speech and swallowing. [express.co.uk]

  Dizziness or unsteadiness. Numbness or weakness in a part of the body. Confusion. Personality changes. Symptoms related to hormonal changes if you have a pituitary tumour. These symptoms tend to develop gradually. [patient.info]

  Dizziness. Unsteadiness and incoordination, hydrocephalus (increased pressure inside the brain), voice and swallowing difficulties. [neurosurgery.ucla.edu]

• Ataxia

  Ataxia Ataxia is a loss of full control of motor activities as a result of damage to the brainstem. [nf2is.org]

  Manifestations may be nonspecific and include the following: Headache Altered mental status Ataxia Nausea Vomiting Weakness Gait disturbance CNS neoplasms also may manifest as follows: Focal seizures Fixed visual changes Speech deficits Focal sensory [emedicine.medscape.com]

  […] aphasia, numbness or weakness in one side of the body, and co-ordination problems (dyspraxia), such as difficulty dressing occipital lobe – may cause loss of vision on one side of the visual field (hemianopia) cerebellum – may cause balance problems (ataxia [nhs.uk]

  Both later tested positive for spinocerebellar ataxia type 8. Inherited leucodystrophies can present with neuropsychiatric features. [jnnp.bmj.com]

  […] injury characterized by an increase in the number and size of astrocytes (primary reaction) and cytoplasmic changes including increased glial filaments and glassy eosinophilic cytoplasm followed by formation of a dense gliotic scar (secondary reaction) ataxia [strokecenter.org]

• Abulia

  […] functioning Memory Production of speech - left side-in right handers Emotional control Personality Frontal lobe tumor symptoms - Impaired mental flexibility and spontaneity - Lack of attention - Risky behaviors - Impaired socialization - Lack of interest-Abulia [quizlet.com]

  […] abduct move away from the saggittal plane of the body absence seizure (petit mal seizure) generalized seizure characterized by abrupt cessation of ongoing activity with a blank stare and lost or impaired consciousness lasting on average 10-20 seconds abulia [strokecenter.org]

• Homonymous Hemianopsia

  Clinical significance [ edit ] If one occipital lobe is damaged, the result can be homonymous hemianopsia vision loss from similarly positioned "field cuts" in each eye. Occipital lesions can cause visual hallucinations. [en.wikipedia.org]

The diagnostic workup of patients in whom an occipital lobe tumor is suspected should start by conducting a thorough patient history, which will assess the onset of complaints, their progression, as well as severity. If patients report progressive visual symptoms (with or without headaches or epilepsy), a thorough examination of visual fields and acuity should be performed in order to assess the localization of the deficits. After sufficient clinical evidence has been gathered, imaging studies need to be employed; these are the gold standard for diagnosing brain tumors [1] [4]. MRI, using T1 and T2-weighted studies with gadolinium as a contrast, as well as fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) sequence imaging, is considered to be the first-line study that allows identification of the exact location and the characteristics of the lesion [1] [3] [4] [6] [7]. When MRI is contraindicated (for example, in the presence of foreign metallic bodies or pacemakers), CT of the endocranium serves as an alternative [1] [4]. More advanced techniques are indicated when further diagnosis and treatment planning is required, such as functional MRIs (fMRI), MR proton spectroscopy, single photon emission tomography (SPECT), positron-emission tomography (PET), or visual evoked potential [6] [8] [9]. A definite classification of the tumor type is made from imaging findings and biopsy samples obtained either preoperatively or postoperatively [1] [4].

The third part reviews the surgical treatments for various neuro-related problems, including trauma, brain tumors, pain, and motor disorders. [books.google.com]

They may spread to other parts of the brain or into the spinal cord, and treatment must include the whole of this. Treatment Because there are different types of brain tumours, treatment will not be the same for everyone. [nhsinform.scot]

In some cases, treatment aims to ease symptoms (palliative treatment). For example, if a cancer is advanced then you may require painkillers or other treatments to help keep you free of pain or other symptoms. [patient.info]

Treatment can also severely impact quality of life, forcing patients and families to make horribly difficult decisions about what treatment to take and how long to continue it. [thisgreymatters.wordpress.com]

Treatment, Pilocytic Astrocytoma - Prognosis, Survival Rate and Treatment Merkel Cell Carcinoma - Pictures, Prognosis, Survival Rate, Treatment Glioblastoma Multiforme - Life Expectancy, Stage 4, Survival Rate, Symptoms, Prognosis [cancerwall.com]

Prognosis "Prognosis" is the medical term for a prediction of life expectancy. Keep in mind that these predictions are estimates. [abta.org]

"Butterfly pattern" - Prognosis: 5-year survival Treatment Goals: Local vs. Systemic Control - Local Control: Surgery, Radiation, Stereotactic Radiosurgery - Systemic Control: Chemotherapy, Biological Therapy, Immunotherapy. [quizlet.com]

The prognosis for vision with optic pathway gliomas is variable. Some of these remain stationary both in terms of their deleterious effect on vision and of their size on MRI. [childhoodbraintumor.org]

Anaplastic astrocytoma: diagnosis, prognosis, and management. Semin Oncol. 2004;31:618-34. Jennings MT, Ivengar S. Pharmacotherapy of malignant astrocytomas of children and adults: current strategies and future trends. CNS Drugs. 2001;15:719-43. [rarediseases.org]

Occipital lobe tumors encompass numerous neoplastic processes of different etiologies and clinical stages. [symptoma.com]

We have taken a pragmatic approach to this, including all of the lesions in the scoring system because existing pathologic evidence suggests that these lesions share common etiologic mechanisms. [ajnr.org]

Occipital lobe epilepsies are etiologically idiopathic, symptomatic, or cryptogenic. [8] Symptomatic occipital seizures can start at any age, as well as any stage after or during the course of the underlying causative disorder. [en.wikipedia.org]

MTS is the most common cause of partial complex epilepsy in adults and is also the most common etiology in young adult patients undergoing surgery. [radiologyassistant.nl]

Epidemiology/Etiology According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 15 million people suffer stroke worldwide each year. [physio-pedia.com]

Epidemiology/Etiology According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 15 million people suffer stroke worldwide each year. [physio-pedia.com]

[…] apoptosis Radiotherapy & neurological effects - Radiation causes breakage of DNA, leading to loss of function and eventual cell death - Most prominent in S phase of mitosis, therefore targets rapidly growing cancer cells - Normal tissue can also be affected Epidemiology [quizlet.com]

Recent changes in the epidemiology of head and neck cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 2009; 21: 194-200 6 Cooper JS, Porte K, Mallin K, Hoffman HT, Weber RS, Ang KK, Gay EG, Langer CJ. [ghrnet.org]

This provides an ideal forum for students to gain a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of movement disorders, recognizing important clinical findings, identifying potential DBS candidates and the perioperative management of this population. [jefferson.edu]

Pathophysiology of dysphagia is related to the distance from the treatment. Approximately 80% of the patients undergoing a radiation treatment experience acute mucositis, both during treatment and in the first weeks after the treatment[45]. [ghrnet.org]

[…] waves and some physiological functions normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) clinical symptom complex characterized by abnormal gait, urinary incontinence, and dementia in the setting of hydrocephalus with normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure; proposed pathophysiology [strokecenter.org]

الصفحة 1607 - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 1994 Revised Classification System for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Children Less Than 13 Years of Age, MMWR, 43, 1-19, No. ‏ [books.google.com]

The headaches increased in frequency over 4 months despite a number of medications known to prevent attacks of migraine. A low-grade right occipital lobe tumor was eventually discovered on MR scan. [miami.pure.elsevier.com]

Measures such as neck compression (tourniquet) and volume loading can be helpful in preventing VAE. PEEP increases the risk of VAE. [openanesthesia.org]

Página 310 - A randomized trial comparing ticlopidine hydrochloride with aspirin for the prevention of stroke in high-risk patients. ‎ [books.google.es]

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2. Pan E, Prados MD. Clinical Presentation. In: Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, et al., editors. Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. 6th edition. Hamilton (ON): BC Decker; 2003.
3. Verma A, Rosenfeld V, Forteza A, Sharma KR. Occipital lobe tumor presenting as migraine with typical aura. Headache. 1996;36(1):49-52.
4. Amit A, Bhake A, Banode P, Singh BR. Malignant hemangioendothelioma of occipital bone. Chin J Cancer Res. 2012;24(2):161-163.
5. Kawatra M, Bhandari V, Phatak S, Kulkarni D. Primary occipital myxoma: A rare case report. J Pediatr Neurosci. 2013;8(2):129-131.
6. Schneider T, Mawrin C, Scherlach C, Skalej M, Firsching R. Gliomas in Adults. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010;107(45):799-808.
7. Tatsuzawa K, Owada K, Sasajima H, Yamada K, Mineura K. Surgical strategy of brain tumors adjacent to the optic radiation using diffusion tensor imaging-based tractography. Oncology Letters. 2010;1(6):1005-1009.
8. Roux FE, Ibarrola D, Lotterie JA, Chollet F, Berry I. Perimetric visual field and functional MRI correlation: implications for image-guided surgery in occipital brain tumours. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;71:505–514.
9. Lacerda S, Law M. Magnetic resonance perfusion and permeability imaging in brain tumors. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2009;19(4):527-557.